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71.
Phan NT Kim KH Jeon EC Kim UH Sohn JR Pandey SK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1683-1692
A number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, styrene, and o- xylene released during food decaying processes were measured from three types of decaying food samples (Kimchi (KC), fresh
fish (FF), and salted fish (SF)). To begin with, all the food samples were contained in a 100-mL throwaway syringe. These
samples were then analyzed sequentially for up to a 14-day period. The patterns of VOC release contrasted sharply between
two types of fish (FF and SF) and KC samples. A comparison of data in terms of total VOC showed that the mean values for the
two fish types were in the similar magnitude with 280 ± 579 (FF) and 504 ± 1,089 ppmC (SF), while that for KC was much lower
with 16.4 ± 7.6 ppmC. There were strong variations in VOC emission patterns during the food decaying processes between fishes
and KC that are characterized most sensitively by such component as styrene. The overall results of this study indicate that
concentration levels of the VOCs differed significantly between the food types and with the extent of decaying levels through
time. 相似文献
72.
Indoor smoking ban in public places can reduce secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. However, smoking in cars and homes has continued. The purpose of this study was to assess particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) concentration in moving cars with different window opening conditions. The PM2.5 level was measured by an aerosol spectrometer inside and outside moving cars simultaneously, along with ultrafine particle (UFP) number concentration, speed, temperature and humidity inside cars. Two sport utility vehicles were used. Three different ventilation conditions were evaluated by up to 20 repeated experiments. In the pre-smoking phase, average in-vehicle PM2.5 concentrations were 16–17 μg m?3. Regardless of different window opening conditions, the PM2.5 levels promptly increased when smoking occurred and decreased after cigarette was extinguished. Although only a single cigarette was smoked, the average PM2.5 levels were 506–1307 μg m?3 with different window opening conditions. When smoking was ceased, the average PM2.5 levels for 15 min were several times higher than the US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 μg m?3. It took longer than 10 min to reach the level of the pre-smoking phase. Although UFP levels had a similar temporal profile of PM2.5, the increased levels during the smoking phase were relatively small. This study demonstrated that the SHS exposure in cars with just a single cigarette being smoked could exceed the US EPA NAAQS under realistic window opening conditions. Therefore, the findings support the need for public education against smoking in cars and advocacy for a smoke-free car policy. 相似文献
73.
Michael D. Sohn Pamela Reynolds Navtej Singh Ashok J. Gadgil 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1422-1432
Abstract Releases of airborne contaminants in or near a building can lead to significant human exposures unless prompt response measures are taken. However, possible responses can include conflicting strategies, such as shutting the ventilation system off versus running it in a purge mode or having occupants evacuate versus sheltering in place. The proper choice depends in part on knowing the source locations, the amounts released, and the likely future dispersion routes of the pollutants. We present an approach that estimates this information in real time. It applies Bayesian statistics to interpret measurements of airborne pollutant concentrations from multiple sensors placed in the building and computes best estimates and uncertainties of the release conditions. The algorithm is fast, capable of continuously updating the estimates as measurements stream in from sensors. We demonstrate the approach using a hypothetical pollutant release in a five-room building. Unknowns to the interpretation algorithm include location, duration, and strength of the source, and some building and weather conditions. Two sensor sampling plans and three levels of data quality are examined. Data interpretation in all examples is rapid; however, locating and characterizing the source with high probability depends on the amount and quality of data and the sampling plan. 相似文献
74.
75.
The high degree of physical disturbance associated with conventional response options to oil spills in wetlands is driving
the investigation of alternative cleanup methodologies. In March 1995, a spill of gas condensate in a brackish marsh at Rockefeller
Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Louisiana was remediated through the use of in situ burning. An assessment of vegetation recovery
was initiated in three treatment marshes: (1) oil-impacted and burned, (2) oil impacted and unburned, and (3) a nonoiled unburned
reference. We compared percent cover, stem density, and biomass in the treatment marshes to define ecological recovery of
the marsh vegetation and soil hydrocarbon content to determine the efficacy of in situ burning as a cleanup technique. Burning
led to a rapid decrease in soil hydrocarbon concentrations in the impacted-and-burned marsh to background levels by the end
of the first growing season. Although a management fire accidentally burned the oil-impacted-and-unburned and reference marshes
in December 1995, stem density, live biomass, and total percent cover values in the oil-impacted-and-burned marsh were equivalent
to those in the other treatment marshes after three years. In addition, plant community composition within the oil-impacted-and-burned
marsh was similar to the codominant mix of the grasses Distichlis spicata (salt grass) and Spartina patens (wire grass) characteristic of the surrounding marsh after the same time period. Rapid recovery of the oil-impacted-and-unburned
marsh was likely due to lower initial hydrocarbon exposure. Water levels inundating the soil surface of this grass-dominated
marsh and the timing of the in situ burn early in the growing season were important factors contributing to the rapid recovery
of this wetland. The results of this in situ burn evaluation support the conclusion that burning, under the proper conditions,
can be relied upon as an effective cleanup response to hydrocarbon spills in herbaceous wetlands. 相似文献
76.
We assessed relationships between the extent to which farmers reported exposure to relevant information and their attitudes
towards, knowledge about, and degree of adoption of riparian management strategies. We also examined associations between
knowledge of, or receipt of, financial assistance for riparian fencing/planting and intentions for and extent of adoption
of this strategy. A mail survey of 718 pastoral farmers in Otago and Southland in New Zealand [294 surveys returned (41%)]
yielded 279 usable questionnaires. Indices were developed to reflect range and frequency of information use and range of practices
adopted. Attitudes were measured using Likert-type responses to 11 statements, and knowledge as a score on a ten-question
true/false test. Positive relationships between information and the three main response variables (attitude, knowledge, and
adoption) were weak but significant and systematic. These associations remained significant when important demographic and
farm characteristics were taken into account. Informed farmers were more likely to report intentions to carry out riparian
fencing or planting within the next year. Farmers who were aware that funding was available were also more likely to state
this intention, independent of information level. The reported extent to which waterways had been fenced to exclude stock
was related to receipt of funding, but not to information level. Financial factors were the most influential barrier preventing
adoption of permanent fencing. Our research shows a positive correlation between the receipt of information and funding and
the adoption of specific riparian management measures. 相似文献
77.
Ira Sohn 《Natural resources forum》1993,17(3):198-206
Chilean economic reforms, introduced in the 1970s and early 1980s, discarded decades of state intervention in the economy, but were accompanied by considerable economic pain and social stress from domestic and international sources. In the 1990s, Chile, supported by a competitive micro-economy, a stable macro-economy, strong linkages with the world economy and the return to democratic government, is exploiting its world-class resource sectors to propel economic growth in order to address social problems. However, the prospects for raising living standards in Chile and other resource-exporting developing countries are critically dependent on a favourable external environment. 相似文献
78.
79.
MALCOLM L. HUNTER JR. 《Conservation biology》2005,19(4):1025-1029
Abstract: Setting aside entire ecosystems in reserves is an efficient way to maintain biodiversity because large numbers of species are protected, but ecosystem conservation constitutes a coarse filter that does not address some species. A complementary, fine-filter approach is also required to provide tailored management for some species (e.g., those subject to direct exploitation). Mesofilter conservation is another complementary approach that focuses on conserving critical elements of ecosystems that are important to many species, especially those likely to be overlooked by fine-filter approaches, such as invertebrates, fungi, and nonvascular plants. Critical elements include structures such as logs, snags, pools, springs, streams, reefs, and hedgerows, and processes such as fires and floods. Mesofilter conservation is particularly appropriate for seminatural ecosystems that are managed for both biodiversity and commodity production (e.g., forests managed for timber, grasslands managed for livestock forage, and aquatic ecosystems managed for fisheries) and is relevant to managing some agricultural and urban environments for biodiversity. 相似文献
80.
PHILIP C. STOUFFER† RICHARD O. BIERREGAARD JR ‡. CHERYL STRONG§ THOMAS E. LOVEJOY†† 《Conservation biology》2006,20(4):1212-1223
Abstract: The rainforests of the Amazon basin are being cut by humans at a rate >20,000 km2 /year, leading to smaller and more isolated patches of forest, with remaining fragments often in the range of 1–100 ha. We analyzed samples of understory birds collected over 20 years from a standardized mist-netting program in 1– to 100-ha rainforest fragments in a dynamic Amazonian landscape near Manaus, Brazil. Across bird guilds, the condition of second growth immediately surrounding fragments was often as important as fragment size or local forest cover in explaining variation in abundance. Some fragments surrounded by 100 m of open pasture showed reductions in insectivorous bird abundance of over 95%, even in landscapes dominated by continuous forest and old second growth. These extreme reductions may be typical throughout Amazonia in small (≤10 ha), isolated fragments of rainforest. Abundance for some guilds returned to preisolation levels in 10- and 100-ha fragments connected to continuous forest by 20-year-old second growth. Our results show that the consequences of Amazonian forest loss cannot be accurately described without explicit consideration of vegetation dynamics in matrix habitat. Any dichotomous classification of the landscape into "forest" and "nonforest" misses essential information about the matrix. 相似文献